once a building system has been designed and installed, the main expenses involved are operation and maintenance. Operation costs include inputs like energy and water, and there are also associated wages when equipment needs an operator.
On the other hand, maintenance costs include part replacements, maintenance staff wages, and often the services of engineering consultants and contractors.
HVAC installations are characterized by the wide range of system configurations available, and design decisions have a significant impact on the final cost of the project. This case study provides a detailed cost comparison for the three following options.